Pandemics, Viruses and Natural Selection

With the Corona Virus in pandemic mode, time to discuss the nature of viruses in general and how they're governed by Natural Selection.

First, what is a virus? Relatively simple to define, but difficult to explain. Because viruses straddle the boundary  between "living" and "non-living," they belong to a special class of organisms (if you want to call them that) that don't fit into biological models of life on Earth.

A virus doesn't carry on life functions - they're essentially a DNA or RNA molecule wrapped in a protein coat.  Additionally, viruses are  wholly dependent on  a host, and I as used to tell my students, they're genetic parasites.

A virus in independent state  is known as a virion, and probably fits the definition of non-living.  In fact, they can be crystallized and stored like a chemical compound.

It's only when they infect a host do they seem to "come alive."  But in fact, they're simply manipulating a host's DNA or RNA to make more copies of itself.

Another discussion I used to have with students, started with the statement:  "All viruses cause disease." Without exception.  And they infect every known species of life on Earth, and yes even bacteria.

And they've evolved extraordinary strategies to spread themselves.  Think of the common cold - a rhino virus usually.  One gets a cold, what happens?  the virus has infected the mucous membrane, taking over cells, causing them to reproduce millions of copies of the virus.  The body wants to rid itself of the virus, so it coughs and sneezes sending those virions out into the environment so they can find the next host.

Since they infect respiratory surfaces, rhino viruses spread rapidly through the population because of mechanisms in place to rid the body of the disease.  Rather ironic.  Our personal  "cure" involves potentially infecting others...

A pandemic?  Not difficult to understand when we consider viruses that infect the respiratory system.  With a world population over 7 billion and modern travel, respiratory viruses have an enormous surface to spread rapidly.

Yet rhino viruses do not cause pandemics.  We recover from colds.  Pandemics occur when certain types of viruses, influenza and now Covid-19, spread and induce a high mortality rate and increased hospitalization.

Which brings me to Natural Selection, one of Charles Darwin's great contribution to biology.  The power of his theory is evident in that he did not know of viruses, yet they behave in a manner consistent with his theory.

Generally, within any large population, their exists enormous variation.  Certainly true for humans, all life, and yes, viruses too.

When viruses infect, they cause their host to make copies.  Since this is genetic replication, mistakes are made, also known as a mutation.  In essence, a variant of the original virus has been created.

This variant may be benign, or in the case of the H1N1 influenza virus, the new strain is deadly to its host and infects at a higher rate, all because of a genetic mutation. With a higher infection rate, and an infection that's toxic to human organs, a pandemic may occur. This happened with the H1N1 influenza virus in 1968, 1918, and 1890.

Fortunately, we have a dynamic immune system, and just as importantly, and as a population, subject to natural selection as well.

As the virus spreads, Natural Selection will favor those with a rapid immune response, or have no underlying health issues.  After the wave of infection, the population in general will have "adapted."

Of course, since viruses also adapt, a new strain will appear possibly creating the next pandemic.  It's interesting to note though pandemics occur every 20 to 50 years.

It's an ongoing biological clash between infectious agents and their hosts.  Will we survive?  Of course we will.  Besides an adaptive immune response, Natural Selection has given humans the capacity to intellectually understand and socially adapt, creating an environment to limit the infection rate, as we're doing now.

Operating Systems and Reality

One of my days jobs (to pay the rent between those awfully long breaks in paid writing assignments) is to provide IT consulting and support to non-profit organizations. I’ve noticed a pattern over the years when it comes to discussing “operating systems” or better known as the “OS.”

Traditionally, most folks thought in terms of Mac or PC.  Windows XP, 7, 10 or Mavericks, Mountain Lion, Snow Leopard, El Capitan… and on and on.  But the basic belief out there until recently is the notion “it’s a Mac or a PC.” No doubt in large part to the marketing of Apple and Microsoft.  Nowadays, folks know about Chrome,  “IOS” and Android.  But what strikes me as intriguing is if I discuss them in terms of being an OS, I get that “you’re talking tech geek to me” look – they tend to think in terms of a machine having a personality. Or another way of saying it is: “that’s a Mac and it will behave like this and run those programs.”

So here’s where it gets interesting.

This past year, I was providing support to a school that had about 100 old mac laptops.  They couldn’t be upgraded to the newest Mac OS, so they were simply discarded to a dark closet. For a while.  They asked for suggestions, besides being a brick to raise a projector higher.

I installed Linux Ubuntu on them – a cousin OS of Mac.  It runs great on old laptops and has all the latest features out there.  The best part, it’s free.  (Not that I’m soliciting…) But it’s a great solution for schools with a tight budget and old machines to give them a new life.

After students, teachers, admins see the computer come back to life and clearly not running as a Mac, but it says it’s a Mac, I get that “how did you do that?” as if I performed some kind of magic on these old laptops.

Linux Ubuntu 14 looks like this:

But, wait, it’s a Mac!

Now on to my thesis.  We tend to see reality like an OS.  We know how to navigate in our reality, work in it, and get results.  So what if there are other realities we’re not aware of? Or, what if the dream world is an alternative to our reality? It would be like an another OS.  Dreams are familiar and yet can behave and look radically different. Maybe, we have two realities we working with: Waking and dream.  They operate side by side, usually split by 16/8 hours.

Again, there’s analogy for this:  You can run windows or any OS side by side on the same machine. Both can be running or you can switch, from one to another.  Just like going to sleep at night.  We change realities.

The Mystical Nature of Screenwriting

I was in New York this past July, my annual summer trek to see family and friends.  Usually, I never discuss screenwriting, or rather, no one ever asks. Until now.

At a get together, a friend of friend, curious about Hollywood in general, and screenwriting in particular asked me how I come up with ideas.

Answer: I don’t know.  They seem to be lurking in the background of consciousness, and then every couple of days or weeks, if I’m not feeling “creative,” they make themselves known.  And once an idea breaks into what I call the “forward awareness,” it takes on a life of its own.

Another way of saying, I think about it. And it grows and grows, until I have to write a screenplay. Well, that’s how I explained it anyway.

The truth is ideas seem to stream from a source. The characters certainly do.  In fact, I hear voices as the idea develops.  Snippets of dialogue, images of scenes playing.  Where do they come from? It’s like tuning a radio and hitting on a station and staying there.

Of course that the initial steps – grinding out the structure and developing scenes is anything but mystical.

 

Parasites and Hosts

In an earlier draft of our script, one of our readers was quite confused by how a parasite can infect a host.  Not a good sign when the basis of your script, the driving hidden purpose, is lost on the reader.  If you have to explain your writing, basically, you have to rewrite it.  And we did.  And he was still confused.

So then, what was the source of the confusion?  Other readers didn’t have an issue or at least they had a sense of what was going on.  Part of the problem was related to how we as humans view parasites:  nasty worms or such, causing diseases, simply, to be avoided. I asked if that was the issue.

“No, not that. I can’t see how this works.”  Fair enough. Biology is a visual science.  I know, my background is biology and I taught the subject for twenty years. I don’t teach it anymore because those in charge seem to have forgotten that simple premise. And it’s getting worse, but I digress…

Parasites are actually simple critters, with complex life cycles and highly specialized adaptations to infect their host. They occur across every Kingdom and and when I taught the subject, I even  discussed with my students how viruses behave like genetic parasites.

But enough of that. I pondered the question, “How does this work?”  The idea of an alien species implanting a parasite into a human came to me when I thought about parasitoid wasps, which are alluded to in the script.  Basically, several species of parasitoid wasps lay their egg on an unsuspecting host, usually another insect, often a caterpillar.  The egg hatches, burrows into the insect and feeds on it until wasp larvae is fully grown.  The science is fascinating: the caterpillar goes about its business gorging on food, not realizing it’s just feeding a young wasp.

“Oh, okay,” said the reader.  “Then why two parasites for one host?” Well, I thought about an answer. “It’ll be explained in the sequel. Promise.”

 

Math, Fractals, and Nature’s Code

Back in the day when I taught elementary school science and computers, I decided to teach a unit on Fractals.  Mind you, this was a private school, so I was free to choose curriculum.  What I discovered, as did the students, was crystal clear about the true nature of reality: we live in a fractal world. Or, perhaps better said, the code of nature is fractals.

So, what is a fractal?

Let’s back up.  I remember in high school learning about the Fibonacci series which basically works like this:  Start with 1 and it to itself, 1 +1 = 2, then add result to the previous number so it becomes a pattern like this:  1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13… I remember learning how seashells and sunflowers patterned themselves with Fibonacci.  Curious, I wondered if all of nature was organized like this. Simple answer: It’s not.  Mountains, tree branches, crystals, weather patterns, in fact, just about everything in Nature do not follow any such pattern. In fact Nature rarely is so “organized” according to the logic of math.

Fast forward to the 1980s (yeah, I went to high school in the 70s) and along comes Benoit Mandelbrot who thought of Nature as certainly having a code, or as he described it with “a rough geometry.”  So he set out to prove his notion in what became known as the Mandelbrot series and his description as “fractals.”  Coupled with computers that could compute the complex math and generate visual images, fractals made their debut.  They’ve proven themselves so much like nature in form and design, computer games have adopted fractals to generate their landscapes.  In fact the incredible simulations we see in games today wouldn’t be possible without fractals.

Once you understand how to generate fractals, and there’s lots of great FREE software to  help, you’ll see fractals in everything.

Here’s a short list:

http://www.apophysis.org/

http://matek.hu/xaos/doku.php

http://www.mandelbulb.com/2014/mandelbulb-3d-mb3d-fractal-rendering-software/

So it seems we now understand the code of Nature.  Now, if we could understand “time.”  Next blog…

Aliens and Honey Bees

Actually, this post is more inclusive, I should retitle it “Alien and Insects” but the first title seemed more catchy.

On to the matter. I often wonder why we haven’t encountered aliens, akin to invasive species that everyone sees. Yes, we hear the reports, the always grainy images or lights in the sky. But where’s that NY Times headline with an actual picture? I can’t imagine there isn’t life throughout the Universe, or our galaxy. But why don’t we have undeniable proof?

So I was thinking about honey bees. Or any pollinating insect, for that matter.

Honey bees you might ask?

We see in “visible” spectrum of light. Bees and other insect pollinators however, see colors and beyond – into the ultra violet range. They can do this because they have compound eyes which are tuned to higher frequencies. So a pretty yellow flower to us actually looks white with a red or orange center to a bee.

Why? Makes it easier for the bee to find the nectar, almost always found at the center of a flower. No doubt this is an evolutionary relationship between pollinators and flowers.

So what does this have to do with aliens? Perhaps aliens operate and exist in a higher frequency. We can’t “see” them though they might already be here. It’s interesting to note that Alien abduction testimonies often occur during the dream state, when the brain generates delta waves, the second slowest EEG wavelength of the brain.

Perhaps delta waves of human sleep are a “perfect octave” of an alien operating frequency.